Project

Carrick Building, Lecture Room 2

290 seats, 1,058 m³ and 0.70 s — a raked teaching room designed so the back row hears consonants without a loudspeaker.

Mid-frequency RT60

0.65 s

Brief: Lecture room, 0.6–0.8 s

Low light falling across a bare concrete interior
Low light falling across a bare concrete interior
Specification

The room, as recorded.

Every figure below is an input to the arithmetic further down this page. Anything we have not measured is simply absent.

Room schedule
Volume 1,058 m³
Total surface area 773 m²
Length × width × height 18.0 × 14.0 × 4.2 m
Seats 290
Client Ashgrove University Estates
Architect Ingham Carrow Architects
Completed 2020
Surface schedule
Surface Area
Suspended acoustic tile 120.0 m²
Plaster on masonry 282.0 m²
Empty upholstered seats 150.0 m²
Parquet on concrete 102.0 m²
Plasterboard on studs 80.0 m²
Ordinary window glass 38.8 m²
Reverberation

What we predicted, and what it did.

0.65 s at mid frequencies, against a Lecture room brief of 0.6 to 0.8 seconds.

Both equations are published. Where they part company the room has become absorptive enough that Sabine's assumption of continuous decay is straining, and the lower figure is the one to believe.

Band 125 250 500 1,000 2,000 4,000
Measured, occupied 0.79 s 0.71 s 0.68 s 0.62 s 0.60 s 0.55 s
Computed — Sabine 0.81 s 0.72 s 0.70 s 0.62 s 0.64 s 0.69 s
Computed — Eyring 0.70 s 0.60 s 0.58 s 0.51 s 0.52 s 0.57 s
0.0 0.5 1.0 125 250 500 1k 2k 4k seconds Hz
Reverberation time by octave band. At mid frequencies the room measures 0.65 seconds, against a Lecture room target of 0.6 to 0.8 seconds.
Modal behaviour

Below the crossover, a room has notes.

Schroeder frequency 49.6 Hz.

Above 49.6 Hz this room behaves statistically and a reverberation time means something. Below it the room does not reverberate at all — it resonates, at the discrete frequencies listed here, and where those bunch together is where the bass will be uneven.

Axial modes, shown warm, run between one opposed pair of surfaces and carry the most energy. They are the ones anybody in the room actually hears.

Room modes below 120 Hz
Hz Order Kind
9.5 1 0 0 Axial
12.3 0 1 0 Axial
15.5 1 1 0 Tangential
19.1 2 0 0 Axial
22.7 2 1 0 Tangential
24.5 0 2 0 Axial
26.3 1 2 0 Tangential
28.6 3 0 0 Axial
31.0 2 2 0 Tangential
31.1 3 1 0 Tangential
36.8 0 3 0 Axial
37.6 3 2 0 Tangential
38.0 1 3 0 Tangential
38.1 4 0 0 Axial
40.0 4 1 0 Tangential
40.8 0 0 1 Axial
41.4 2 3 0 Tangential
41.9 1 0 1 Tangential
42.6 0 1 1 Tangential
43.7 1 1 1 Oblique
45.1 2 0 1 Tangential
45.3 4 2 0 Tangential
46.6 3 3 0 Tangential
46.7 2 1 1 Oblique

121 further modes below 120 Hz are not listed.

Take it apart

The same room, in your hands.

These are this building's own dimensions and its own surface schedule. Change a material or move a wall and the reverberation time moves with it, by the same equation we used on the drawings.

The room

38 m
21 m
17 m

The surfaces

Lecture Room 2 seats 290 in 1,058 m³ — 3.6 m³ a seat, which is the density a teaching room runs at and roughly a third of a concert hall’s. The target was 0.6 to 0.8 s and the computed figure is 0.70 s at 500 Hz. Below 0.6 s a lecturer has to work at their voice all day and finds the room unrewarding to speak in; above 0.8 s the tail of one word starts arriving during the next and intelligibility falls away for exactly the students furthest from the speaker, who are also the ones least likely to say so.

The instinct in a room like this is to line the whole ceiling in acoustic tile. We lined 120 m² of it — under half — and left 282 m² in plaster. A fully tiled ceiling here computes to 0.43 s, and the room would have been dead, tiring, and quietly dependent on the sound system for anything above the third row. The remaining plaster is not neglect; the front third of the ceiling is hard and canted forward so that it returns the lecturer’s own voice to the middle of the rake as an early reflection, which arrives inside the 50 ms window where the ear counts it as part of the direct sound rather than as reverberation.

Seating is modelled as 150 m² of empty upholstered seats rather than as occupied audience, because a teaching room is very often half full and the specification for these seats was written so that the difference matters as little as possible. Upholstery chosen to sit close to the occupied absorption figure means an 80-student tutorial and a 290-student lecture happen in acoustically similar rooms. It costs perhaps eight per cent more per seat and it is the single most useful thing you can do for a university that does not know its own timetable two years out.

The 38.8 m² of glazing on the long wall is ordinary window glass rather than the plate the facade consultant wanted, and we asked for it. Thin glass flexes, and flexing glass takes out low frequency: 0.35 at 125 Hz against plate’s 0.18. In a room this size that single change is worth about a tenth of a second in the bass and cost nothing, because it is the cheaper product. Not every acoustic improvement is an expense; some of them are a specification written by somebody who knew which way round the numbers went.

A distributed speech-reinforcement system is installed and is switched off for most teaching. It exists for the lecturer with a quiet voice and for the days when the ventilation runs hard, and it is set 6 dB below the level at which it becomes obvious. A room that needs its loudspeakers to be intelligible has failed; a room that has them and rarely uses them has a margin.

Enquiries

Have you a room like this one?

A drawing, a volume, or a recording of the problem. Any of the three is enough to start, and the first conversation is not charged for.

Unit 4, Rope Walk
London SE16